Classify the following instruments as inland or foreign instruments as per the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 and justify your classification with proper reasoning. \ni) A promissory note is made in Kolkata and is payable in Mumbai.\nii) A bill is drawn in Varanasi on a person resident in Jodhpur, but it is made payable in Singapore. \niii) A, resident of Agra, draws a bill of exchange in Agra on B, a merchant in New York, and B accepts it as payable in Delhi. \niv) A promissory note is made in New York by A, a resident of New York, and made payable to B in Delhi, India. \nv) A bill of exchange is drawn in London on a person residing in Dubai, and it is payable in Dubai.

“Inland instrument” and “Foreign instrument” [Sections 11 & 12 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881] \n“Inland instrument”: A promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque drawn or made in India and made payable in or drawn upon any person resident in India shall be deemed to be an inland instrument. \n“Foreign instrument”: A foreign instrument is one which is not an inland instrument.\nIn the instant case, \ni) A promissory note made in Kolkata and payable in Mumbai is an Inland instrument\nii) A bill drawn in Varanasi on a person resident in Jodhpur (although it is stated to be payable in Singapore) is an Inland instrument\niii) A, a resident of Agra, drew (i.e., made) a bill of exchange in Agra on B, a merchant in New York. And B accepted the bill of exchange as payable in Delhi. In this case, the bill of exchange was drawn in India and also payable in India. Hence, it is an inland instrument.\niv) A promissory note is made in New York by A, a resident of New York, and made payable to B in Delhi, India. It is a Foreign instrument as it is Drawn outside India, payable in India. \nv)A bill of exchange is drawn in London on a person residing in Dubai, and it is payable in Dubai. It is a Foreign instrument as it is Drawn outside India, on a person residing outside India, payable outside India.